DWRL Lesson Plans - Deb Streusand

The first step in the lesson is to define logos and provide basic examples of inductive and deductive reasoning. It's useful to provide an example that is specific to the class or the class's interests. For example, my class was Rhetoric of Performance, which depends on the basic contention that every performance has an argument. I started by making an inductive proof of that claim based on the performances that we had discussed in class so far, in all of which we'd been able to find arguments. Then, taking the conclusion of this inductive proof, "every performance has an argument," as a premise for the deductive proof, I added "X student will bring in a performance next time," and concluded "X student will bring in an argument next time." You could use any example of inductive and deductive reasoning relevant to your class.

The next step teaches students to pull out examples of logos in text that is not attached to performance. I gave the students the first worksheet attached here (MLK I Have a Dream Logos,) which has examples of deductive and inductive reasoning from the I Have a Dream speech. I had them go around, read the examples line by line, and pull out premises and a conclusion, which I wrote up on the board in the form of a logical argument.

At this point, it was time to introduce the Disney movies. I provided the students with the second worksheet attached here (Disney Logos Worksheet.) I played the clip from Aladdin containing the song "One Jump Ahead," which is excerpted on the worksheet. The worksheet also includes a sequence of premises and conclusions (it will be helpful for the reader to look at the worksheet at this time) leading to what I believe to be one of the major arguments of the movie. I put the students in groups and had them fill out the worksheet by finding the conclusion from each set of premises on the sheet and then introducing the conclusion they had discovered as a premise in a new stage of the argument (combined with a new premise from the song that I put on the sheet.) After the students had completed the Aladdin side of the worksheet, we reconvened as a class and went through the argument from initial premises to the final conclusion. Next, we watched the clip from The Lion King quoted on the sheet. We followed the same procedure of group work and then class discussion.

Finally, since the plan of the class includes teaching rhetoric through looking at the genres around performance as well as performance itself, students examined a review of a local production. I asked them to work individually to find one logical argument, with premises and conclusion, in the review. After they had some time to work, I called on a few students to share the arguments they'd found. This final step doesn't have to involve a review, though -- it could make use of any genre of rhetoric relevant to the course you are teaching.

Suggestions for Instructor Preparation:

Familiarize yourself with the clips of the performances. Go through both worksheets and pull out premises and conclusions for yourself, so that you have an idea of what the arguments your students find will probably look like.

Instructions For Students:

Go around the classroom reading a line each from the MLK worksheet. Each student should stop after reading one line and suggest a premise or conclusion that might come out of it.

Get into groups and work through the premises and conclusions in the Disney Logos Worksheet.

Read the review by yourself and pull out one example of a logical argument with premises and conclusion. Be prepared to share your example with the class.

Evaluation Suggestions:

This assignment was not evaluated or graded.

Notes on Reception, Execution, etc.:

Students responded well to the methodical progression of this lesson plan. I asked them for an evaluation at the end of class, and they specifically mentioned appreciating the clarity of the individual pieces of the plan and the way they fit together.

Course Type:

Intermediate Writing Course

Course Description:

This course will explore the rhetoric within and around artistic performance, including theatre, music, dance, and performance art. Students will engage with performance as argument, including visual rhetoric and other forms of non-verbal argumentation. The course will also investigate the rhetorical techniques that artists, advertisers, critics, and audiences use when speaking about performance. You will select a specific performance that interests you and engage in an in-depth written exploration of its rhetorical situation: the performer, the audience, the time and place, the arguments made by the piece itself, and the discussion surrounding it. After examining the arguments of and around the piece, you will select a rhetorical aspect of the performance or an argument about it to analyze in detail, showing how it makes and supports a claim. Having thoroughly investigated the rhetoric of this performance, you will make your own argument about it, in both performative and written form. In this way, you will gain a thorough understanding of how performance makes arguments, how we speak about performances, and what we mean when we use the word “performance.”

Tags:

Logos

Teaching Kairos through Allegorical Performances

Streusand — Fri, 31 Oct 2014 20:04:28 +0000

Author:

Deb Streusand

Image Credit:

Len Radin

Brief Assignment Overview:

This lesson teaches the concept of rhetorical kairos by placing allegorical performances in their historical context.

Type of Assignment:

In-class Exercise

Assignment Length:

Single Class Period

Pedagogical Goals - Rhetoric:

Kairos

Media Requirements:

Media Console/Projector

Required Materials:

Projector

Computer with the capacity to stream video

Timeline for Optimal Use:

Useful Anytime

Full Assignment Description:

This in-class exercise uses Arthur Miller's The Crucible and an episode of the television show Battlestar Galactica to teach rhetorical kairos. It will help if the students have done reading on kairos ahead of time. I used chapter 2 of Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Class began with a brief lecture introducing the concept of kairos, using examples such as Sandy Hook and 9/11 to demonstrate how events can open up an opportunity to make an argument on a specific issue. Next, I described the situation at the time of The Crucible's production, explaining the phenomenon of McCarthyism, which turned out to be review for many of the students. On the projector, I showed the students this video of the courtroom scene in the play. The class discussed the parallels between the McCarthyist approach to communism and the Salem Witch Trials as portrayed in the play. I explained how performances can use allegory to make comments on current events. I told the class that I would now play them a video and have them tell me what conversation the performance was contributing to. I played them the beginning and the ending of the Battlestar Galactica episode "Collaborators," which combines various issues from the Iraq War, including government authorization for torture, punishment without trial, and the killing of civilians by the miltary. I told the students only that the episode aired in 2006. They were able to make the connection between the episode and Guantanamo Bay. I had to explain what the other elements of the Iraq War the episode portrayed by allegory. The discussion afterwards covered how both performances made use of allegory to make an argument about current events. The students will shortly be doing rhetorical analyses of the performances they are writing about this semester, so the goal was to get them to see how kairos operates in performances specifically as well as to understand kairos in general.

Suggestions for Instructor Preparation:

Prepare a brief lecture introducing the concept of kairos. Watch the videos. Make notes on the elements of allegory you want to make sure the students pick up on.

Instructions For Students:

Watch the performance and take notes on any allegorical elements you see in them.

Evaluation Suggestions:

This assignment was not evaluated. The students will be evaluated on the rhetorical analyses of the performances they saw, papers that will follow this assignment in the chronology of the class.

Notes on Reception, Execution, etc.:

Based on the discussion, the students did understand that the performances were using allegory to make a comment on current events and that they were taking advantage of a pre-existing conversation about the issues at hand. If I did this again, I would follow up in the next class with an example of a well-timed argument made in writing based on current events, so the students could see how kairos is used outside of allegory or performance.

Course Type:

Intermediate Writing Course

Course Description:

The Rhetoric of Performance is a writing-intensive course that teaches students to analyze rhetoric by examining the rhetoric within and surrounding performances. Students see a performance early in the semester. They write a paper summarizing its rhetorical situation and the arguments made within and around it. They also write a detailed rhetorical analysis of the performance. Finally, they write their own long review assessing its rhetorical and performative elements. Students also learn to write in the genres surrounding performances, such as the program note, the advertisement, and the review.

Tags:

Kairos

Teaching Rhetorical Pathos through Playlists

Streusand — Fri, 07 Mar 2014 22:06:14 +0000

Author:

Deb Streusand

Image Credit:

Deb Streusand -- Screenshot of Spotify

Brief Assignment Overview:

A fun way to teach students the power of rhetorical pathos using multiple media. Students create Spotify playlists to accompany a short persuasive essay on a topic of their choice.

Type of Assignment:

In-class Exercise

Homework Assignment

Assignment Length:

One-Two Class Periods

Pedagogical Goals - Rhetoric:

Pathos

Media Requirements:

Adaptable For Use Without Classroom Technology

Required Materials:

Computers are required, but the lesson plan could be adapted for a non-computer classroom if students are able to bring in laptops.
Headphones are also required for the students to listen to the playlists.

Timeline for Optimal Use:

Mid-Semester

Full Assignment Description:

This lesson plan can be used to teach rhetorical pathos through the making of playlists. It was created for a computer-enabled classroom, but could also work for a conventional classroom if students were able to bring in laptops.

Students must first acquire accounts on Spotify.com, a free music streaming service. This can be done at the previous class meeting, or, with instructions, as part of homework.

To prepare for this class, students write short persuasive essays on a topic of their choice and create Spotify playlists to accompany them, with the purpose of inducing emotions that will help persuade the reader to agree with the writer of the essay.

In class, the students listen to the playlists. One could combine any activity that wasn't overly distracting with listening to the music. I let them listen while doing whatever they would typically do on the computer while they listen to music -- allowing Facebook, Twitter, etc. This activity provides a sort of neutral starting point for the students as the playlist works on them, while alleviating the boredom that might come with solely listening to the music. Next, the students read their partner's persuasive essay. They then write a brief response describing how the playlist made them feel and how the essay used those emotions to persuade them. They email this response to the partner and the professor.

For homework, the students revise their persuasive essays to incorporate more emotional language, playing on the same feelings as the playlist songs.

Students enjoy making and listening to the playlists, and they also absorb the idea of inducing emotion in an audience as a persuasive tactic.

Suggestions for Instructor Preparation:

Ahead of time:

Become familiar with Spotify, so as to be able to answer student questions about how to use it.

In the class before the pathos activity:

Allow students 5-10 minutes in class to acquire Spotify accounts, or in, a non-computer classroom where they will bring laptops the next time, send them home with instructions on how to do so.
Assign the following homework:

Write a one-page persuasive essay on a topic of your choice.
Make a fifteen-minute Spotify playlist intended to induce feelings that will make a partner agree with your opinion on the topic.

In class:

Allow students 15 minutes to listen to the Spotify playlists.
Allow students about 45 minutes to read and respond to their partner's essay.
Assign students to revise the essay for homework, using language that plays on the same emotions the partners mentioned as effective in their responses.

Instructions For Students:

Joining Spotify:

Go to https://www.spotify.com/us/signup/
Fill in the information to create a free account
Click on "Sign Up" at the bottom of the page.

Homework to prepare for this lesson:

Write a one-page persuasive essay on a topic of your choice.
Make a fifteen-minute Spotify playlist intended to induce feelings that will make a partner agree with your opinion on the topic. Think about things like the tempo of the music, the content of the lyrics, the instrumentation. How do you want the music to affect your partner?
Bring your headphones with you to class next time.
[Non-computer classroom] Bring your laptop with you to class next time.

In class:

Listen to your partner's Spotify playlist. During this time, you may do whatever you normally do on the computer whie listening to music.
After you are finished listening to the playlist, read your partner's essay. Think about how you felt listening to the playlist and consider how it affects the way you read the essay.
Write a response to your partner's essay, detailing how the playlist made you feel and how it affected your reading of the essay. Consider what emotions were or were not effective in persuading you. Give your partner feedback on this so that they know what emotions to use in revising the persuasive essay. This is not the place to critique their opinion; your job is to help them argue more effectively.

Homework:

Revise your persuasive essay to incorporate emotional language as part of your persuasive technique. Consider the feedback your partner gave you about the emotions your playlist evoked and how they did or did not help persuade your partner to agree with you.

Evaluation Suggestions:

I did not evaluate this assignment, because the grade percentages on my syllabus did not include points for in-class assignments or homework, but only major writing assignments. In a course where homework counted for points, I would probably give a completion grade and feedback on the revised essays.

Notes on Reception, Execution, etc.:

Students enjoyed making and listening to the playlists. They seemed to absorb the idea of using emotion to persuade, but sometimes struggled to incorporate the feelings evoked by the musical media into their text. If I were teaching this lesson again, I would spend part of the preceding lesson analyzing how one or two texts used pathos. That way, students could have a better understanding of how pathos operates in texts before trying to use it themselves.

Course Type:

Introductory Writing Course

Course Description:

Rhetoric & Writing is a course in argumentation that situates rhetoric as an art of civic discourse. It is designed to enhance students ability to analyze the various positions held in any public debate and to advocate their own positions effectively. Students' work in this course will help them advance the critical writing and reading skills they will need to succeed in courses for their majors and university degrees.

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